the evolution of fullerene manufacturing technology
| Process | Carbon Arc | 1st Generation Combustion | 2nd Generation Combustion |
| Inventors | Kratchmer-Huffman/UA![]() | Howard/MIT![]() | Nano-C![]() |
| Synthesis | Individual graphite rods are vaporized with electrical currents in low pressure inert gas.![]() | A continuous low flow of hydrocarbon fuel is burned at low pressure in a "flat" flame.![]() | A continuous high-flow of hydrocarbon is burned at low pressure in a 3 dimensional chamber.![]() |

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