the evolution of fullerene manufacturing technology

ProcessCarbon Arc1st Generation Combustion2nd Generation Combustion
InventorsKratchmer-Huffman/UA
Howard/MIT
Nano-C


SynthesisIndividual graphite rods are vaporized with electrical currents in low pressure inert gas.


A continuous low flow of hydrocarbon fuel is burned at low pressure in a “flat” flame.


A continuous high-flow of hydrocarbon is burned at low pressure in a 3 dimensional chamber.



Solvents used to extract fullerenes?YesYesGenerally no
Projected Price of Mixtures>$10,000/kg<$1,000/kg<$200/kg
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) used to separate?YesYesNo
Projected Price of Purified C60>$25,000/kg<$16,000/kg<$200/kg
Capital to Scale$$$$$$
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